Regulatory Focus Theory

psychological needs, others to achieve the objectives, their satisfaction or implication. Several motivations theories can explain these factors: according to Marchington et Al (2002) Theory | Theorist | Concept | Pratical implications | Instrumentality and behavioural | Taylor AndSkinner | This theory states that people work for the money. People will be motivated if rewards and penalties affect directly to their performance.These theories are based on the principles of reinforcement: people

7 Historical institutionalism Sven Steinmo Historical institutionalism is neither a particular theory nor a specific method. It is best understood as an approach to studying politics and social change. This approach is distinguished from other social science approaches by its attention to real-world empirical questions, its historical orientation and its attention to the ways in which institutions structure and shape behaviour and outcomes. Although the term ‘historical institutionalism’ was

difficult to measure, particularly in the case of accounting measures which have been shown to be plagued by earnings manipulation. In the next subsection, we turn to real, i.e. non-financial, measures of buyout performance. 2.2. Real effects of buyouts A focus on the financial performance of firms involved in buyouts and private equity deals is limiting in several respects. The first drawback is that the corporation may not be the appropriate unit of analysis, since many of these transactions occur below

a recovery and averting future crises, through both policy changes and longer-term regulatory reform. We cover several IMF studies that shed light on the depth of the crisis—including a survey on the sharp drop in trade finance, along with quantitative findings about the direct and indirect costs of the financial turbulence— and debate what is to be done from several angles, including the redesign of the regulatory framework and ways to plug large data gaps to prevent future crises and aid in the

were the personal connections—guanxi—involved and the fact that some courts offer their services to the business community for profit. In addition, many judges get their jobs through nepotism rather than by virtue of a law degree. Although the regulatory environment for the international manager consists of the many local laws and the court systems in those countries in which he or she operates, certain other legal issues are covered by international law, which governs relationships between sovereign

organization, more narrowly defines it as, “Any earned income business or strategy undertaken by a nonprofit to generate revenue in support of its charitable mission.” Moreover, foundations sponsoring projects in the area of social enterprise tend to focus more on the nonprofit side. Examples include the Venture Fund Initiative of The Rockefeller Foundation, the Powering Social Change report funded by Atlantic Philanthropies and the David and Lucille Packard Foundation, projects of the Roberts Enterprise

exceed a certain limit. A C-CDS contract will allow risk managers to transfer counterparty credit risk from their portfolios and, by extension, should reduce the amount of capital they hold in reserve against potential losses, subject to pending regulatory approval. A. Basics and Overview A CDS is a financial contract that provides insurance against the risk of a default by particular company. The company is known as the reference entity and a default by the company is also known as a credit

ce modèle. La troisième étape de la recherche consistait à présenter les résultats du travail de terrain aux dirigeants des dix entreprises réunis pour une journée de travail (le 27 juin 2002). Les avantages de la méthode de travail en groupes de focus sont connus depuis les années cinquante pour ses vertus en manière d’engagement des membres vers l’action (Morgan, 1988). Mais la recherche délibérée de coopération et de protection mutuelle des membres peuvent affaiblir la qualité des recommandations

* 77 NSER 2(1) – Articles Part One explains the evolution of economic thought on trade, including the justification of producing according to comparative advantage, structuralist critiques of this approach, and the rise of the dependency theory school, offering a brief explanation of where ‘unequal exchange’ analysis comes from. In Part Two unequal ecological exchange is introduced, and the overwhelming evidence for unequal ecological exchange is presented. Ecological Footprint data shows

November 2008 Accepted 9 November 2008 Available online 29 December 2008 Keywords: Commons Anticommons Overexploitation Underutilization Natural resources Common property JEL classification: Q20; Q30 ABSTR ACT Much of the literature on the commons focuses on the fact that many agents are assigned usage rights simultaneously, but less attention has been paid to the exercise of exclusion rights. The simultaneous exercise of one of the two rights by all the owners of a common causes a problem of overexploitation