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travail expérimental avec la conceptualisation mathématique. Parallèlement, la vie scientifique revêt de nouvelles formes. Ainsi, en France dès la première moitié du XVII-e siècle, les savants se réunissent en petits groupes, autour du père Marin Mersenne, appelé «secrétaire de l'Europe savante», et travaillent à l'avancement de la science. C'est à partir de tels groupes qu'en 1666 Colbert, agissant au nom du roi Louis XIV, choisit les premiers membres et les élèves destinés à former l'Académie royale

though La Mothe le Vayer (1588–70) doubted that the order of the world was divine, as did Gabriel Naudé (1600–50). But all were committed to the principle of free intellectual enquiry and many, including Nicolas Peiresc (1580–1637), Gassendi, Marin Mersenne (1588–1648), and the physician Guy Patin (1601–72) were able to reconcile rational ideas with at least a tolerance for orthodox faith. Yet collectively, their libertinage érudit undermined the concept of an anthropomorphic God, Adam’s sin, the immortality

though neither is acknowledged by Descartes. However, besides inventing a new method and a new notation, Descartes was introducing a new style of writing mathematics, which was also to have considerable influence. All previous books in 14. Letter to Mersenne, 1637 (Descartes 1939 t. II, p. 66.) Understanding the ‘Scientific Revolution’ 1.5 1 0.5 –1 0 0 –0.5 –0.5 –1 –1.5 0.5 1 151 Fig. 2 Graph of a cubic curve. Europe, even those of Stevin, had been formally set out, either on the Greek