Max Jacob Desnos Obaldia Queneau

answered my queries, made helpful suggestions and even read portions of the typescript. Particular thanks are due to Ros BrownGrant, Jim Dolamore, Jim Dryhurst, Howard Evans, Michael Freeman, Jim House, Michael Kelly, Lynette Muir, John Rothenberg, Max Silverman, Kamal Salhi, Pierre Testud, the late Philip Thody and Christopher Todd. I hasten to add that any remaining errors and intemperate judgements are mine alone. D.C. THE MIDDLE AGES 1 1 The Middle Ages Introduction The Middle Ages