MBLG Report: DNA Electrophoresis 12
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Λ DNA was digested with the restriction enzyme (EcoR1/BamH1/Sac1/Sma1), following the manufacturers’ specified experimental conditions. The samples were then loaded in the above order onto 0.8% agarose gel, made up in an electrophoresis TBE buffer (composition, 89mM Tris, 89mM boric acid, 2mM EDTA). The electrophoresis was performed at 120 volts for 1.25 hours. The gel was then stained with ethidium bromide for 20 minutes and then visualised in a transilluminator.

1. Chromosomal DNA treated with RNase 2. Untreated Chromosomal DNA 3. Digest 4. HinIII standards 5. Undigested DNA 6. Digest d control 7. Digest b control 8. – 9. – 10. Digest 11. Chromosomal DNA treated with RNase 12. Untreated chromosomal DNA

Migration (mm) | Calculated fragment size (kbp) | Expected fragment size for Bam H1 (kbp) | 44 | 2.405 | 5.505 | 42 | 2.663 | 5.626 | 32 | 5.368 | 6.477 | 29 | 7.279 | 6.770 | 27 | 9.259 | 7.283 | 24 | 14.322 | 16.841 |

Virtual Digest of Kpn1 Site | Fragment size (bp) | Fragment size (kbp) | Ordered | Log (fragment size) | 1/migration (mm-1) | Migration (mm) | 48502 | | | | | | | 18560 | 29942 | 29.492 | 29.492 | 1.476 | 0.765322 | 1.30663 | 17057 | 1503 | 1.503 | 17.056 | 1.232 | 0.758117 | 1.31905 | 1 | 17056 | 17.056 | 1.503 | 0.177 | 0.727107 | 1.37548 |

Dolan Bioinformatics Exercise

Solving the Mystery of the Neanderthals:
1. When one uses a molecular clock, what forms the basis for determining the length of time since two species separated from a common ancestor?
When two groups diverge from a common ancestor, each may undergo separate mutations to their genome. The number of mutations is equivalent to the length of time the two groups have been separated, and therefore single nucleotide mutations in the mitochondrial (mt) control region can be used as the basis for a molecular clock.