Economie

6296 mots 26 pages
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬــﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌــــﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺼــــــﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻰ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺒـــــﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼـــﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻰ‬

‫ﺩ. ﺒﺎﺒﻜﺭ ﺇﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﺒﻜﺭ‬

‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻭ(‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺸﻕ-ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻴﻭ 2002‬
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‫ﺒﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒــــــﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﻤــﻘــﺩﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ. ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺘﺘﺨـﺫﻩ ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻙ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺍﺘﻙ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﺩﺨﺭﺍﺘﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﻟﻰ ﺒﺼﻭﺘﻙ ﻻﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠـﻙ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ… ﺍﻟـﺦ ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ. ﻻﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻁﻴل ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺜﻴـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﻴﻘﺔ.‪ Bon voyage‬ﻓﻲ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻜﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ.‬ ‫ﻨﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ :‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ؟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﺴﻌﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻟﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ. ﺃﻫـﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ :‬ ‫* ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ، ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺴﺘﻐل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴـﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫* ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴـﻭﺍﻕ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺍل ﻟﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﻓـﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ.‬ ‫* ﻴﺤﻠل ﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ.‬ ‫* ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ.‬ ‫* ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻭﻴﺤﻠل ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ.‬ ‫* ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻭﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ.‬ ‫* ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ. ﻭﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﺸﻤل ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ:‬

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‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺴﻠﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ.‬ ‫‪Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable‬‬ ‫.‪commodities and distribute them among different

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