Course 1: Pre-industrial Society primary sector agriculture agricultural economy / revolution subsistence agriculture to cultivate land to cultivate a crop crop food crop : wheat, maize (US corn) subsistence crops cash crop : cotton, rubber, coffee etc. fishing, hunting mining, forestry commodity raw material(s) minerals bullion secteur primaire agriculture économie agricole / révolution agriculture de subsistance cultiver la terre cultiver une denrée récolte, culture, denrée récolte alimentaire : blé, maïs culture pour autoconsommation culture commerciale / de rente coton, caoutchouc, café etc. pêche, chasse exploitation minière, sylviculture produit de base - marchandises matière(s) première(s) minéarux or/argent en lingot(s)

1) To sell agricultural products on the market, traditional societies abandon farming of …………………..…….. . 2) ……………………… are characterised by very strong price fluctuations, which tend to make the export earnings of developing countries unstable. 3) Cuba has become a recent exporter of ……… ………. such as coffee and grapefruit. 4) In most developed, high-income countries, the ……….. ………. only represents a small share of GDP and employment. 5) Historically, a rise in …………….. production has been a pre-condition for industrialisation. social class(es ) landlord farmer peasant farmer tenant farmer peasant sharecropper agricultural labourer artisan, craftsman entrepreneur, capitalist manufacturer worker classe(s) sociale(s) propriétaire foncier fermier paysan (propriétaire de ses terres) cultivateur à bail paysan (sans terre) métayer travailleur agricole artisan entrepreneur, capitaliste fabricant travailleur
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workshop – factory guilds a trade, a craft a profession

atelier – usine corporation un métier une profession

6) The enclosure movement pushed many ………………………off the land and into cities. 7) Manufacturing began first in small-scale ……………………… before it moved into factories. 8) The development of industrial activity led to a decline of